河南安陽市林州市中小學(xué)（幼兒園）教師招聘英語學(xué)科模擬題7

http://henan.hteacher.net 2023-05-11 17:08 河南教師招聘 [您的教師考試網(wǎng)]

Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?

The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.

A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.

The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter-proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.

Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.

45. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ______.

A. Philosophy of mathematics B. The Recent Growth in Science

C. The Verification of Facts D. Methods of Scientific Inquiry

45.【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意題。本文在講解古代、現(xiàn)代科學(xué)探索的方法。A項(xiàng)數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)，文中未提及，B、C選項(xiàng)部分內(nèi)容有涉及，但是D選項(xiàng)答案最為完整。故選D。

46. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is ______.

A. the similarity between the two periods

B. that it was an act of God

C. that both tried to develop the inductive method

D. due to the decline of the deductive method

46.【答案】B

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句“Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?”可以得知，作者認(rèn)為，我們應(yīng)該把這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)歸因于所謂的歷史偶然性，歸因于環(huán)境中結(jié)合的影響。這種情況除非以指導(dǎo)一切的上帝的智慧和全能來解釋，否則是無法解釋的。因此是神的旨意。故選B。

47. The difference between “fact” and “theory” ______.

A. is that the latter needs confirmation

B. rests on the simplicity of the former

C. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks

D. helps us to understand the deductive method

47.【答案】A

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句“To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.”可知，理論需要驗(yàn)證，才能轉(zhuǎn)換成事實(shí)。故選A。

48. According to the author, mathematics is ______.

A. an inductive science B. in need of simple verification

C. a deductive science D. based on fact and theory

48.【答案】C

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第一句“Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization”以及第二段第一句“The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries...”可知，古代人普遍采用演繹法，數(shù)學(xué)不是inductive歸納法，故選C。